Bubble curtains in a lock-exchange flow: the importance of transient dynamics in the curtain-driven regime

arXiv:2511.23421v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Bubble curtains are line bubble plumes that are used to mitigate saltwater intrusion in ship locks. When the lock gate that separates saline seawater from fresh river water is opened, a lock-exchange flow develops. Installing a bubble curtain at the gate location disrupts this flow and reduces saltwater infiltration. For real-world applications, it is important to quantify how effective the bubble curtain is as a function of the key governing parameters. To this end, we performed multiphase large-eddy simulations that faithfully reproduce earlier experimental results including the two distinct operating regimes: the breakthrough regime and the curtain-driven regime. This paper focuses on the curtain-driven regime and seeks to clarify how the effectiveness of bubble curtains evolves over time. The detailed spatial and temporal data from the simulations, together with the ability to systematically vary the governing parameters, enabled us to overcome several limitations inherent in previous experiments. Furthermore, the simulations were used to obtain parameter values to build a semi-analytical model. Both the simulations and the semi-analytical model successfully capture and elucidate the time evolution of the density field and of the bubble curtain's effectiveness. The findings highlight that the time elapsed since the gate opening and the transient dynamics play a crucial role in determining the performance of bubble curtains for mitigation of salt intrusion.