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Embedded underwater front-end electronics for the 3-inch...
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Embedded underwater front-end electronics for the 3-inch photomultipliers in the JUNO experiment
arXiv Physics
Wednesday 03 June 2026, 04:00 UTC
By C\'edric Cerna, Miao He, Xiaoshan Jiang, Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Fr\'ed\'eric Perrot, Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, Fengpeng An, Costas Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, Jo\~ao Pedro Athayde Marcondes de Andr\'e, Nikolay Anfimov, Vito Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Didier Auguste, Nikita Balashov, Andrea Barresi, Davide Basilico, Eric Baussan, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Nikita Bessonov, Daniel Bick, Lukas Bieger, Svetlana Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, Simon Blyth, Manuel Boehles, Anastasia Bolshakova, Mathieu Bongrand, Cl\'ement Bordereau, Matteo Borghesi, Dominique Breton, Augusto Brigatti, Riccardo Brugnera, Riccardo Bruno, Antonio Budano, Jose Busto, Marcel B\"uchner, Anatael Cabrera, Barbara Caccianiga, Hao Cai, Xiao Cai, Yi-zhou Cai, St\'ephane Callier, Antonio Cammi, Augustin Campeny, Guofu Cao, Jun Cao, Yaoqi Cao, Rossella Caruso, C\'edric Cerna, Vanessa Cerrone, Jinfan Chang, Yun Chang, Tim Charisse, Chao Chen, Haotian Chen, Jiahui Chen, Jian Chen, Jing Chen, Junyou Chen, Pingping Chen, Shaomin Chen, Shiqiang Chen, Yixue Chen, Yu Chen, Ze Chen, Zhangming Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Jie Cheng, Yaping Cheng, Yu Chin Cheng, Alexander Chepurnov, Alexey Chetverikov, Davide Chiesa, Pietro Chimenti, Ziliang Chu, Artem Chukanov, G\'erard Claverie, Catia Clementi, Barbara Clerbaux, Claudio Coletta, Chenyang Cui, Luis Delgadillo Franco, Ziyan Deng, Xiaoyu Ding, Xuefeng Ding, Yayun Ding, Sergey Dmitrievsky, Dmitry Dolzhikov, Chuanshi Dong, Haojie Dong, Jianmeng Dong, Evgeny Doroshkevich, Marcos Dracos, Fr\'ed\'eric Druillole, Ran Du, Shuxian Du, Katherine Dugas, Stefano Dusini, Hongyue Duyang, Jessica Eck, Andrea Fabbri, Ulrike Fahrendholz, Lei Fan, Liangqianjin Fan, Jian Fang, Wenxing Fang, Elia Stanescu Farilla, Dmitry Fedoseev, Qichun Feng, Daniela Fetzer, Marcellin Fotz\'e, Am\'elie Fournier, Aaron Freegard, Ying Fu, Feng Gao, Alberto Garfagnini, Arsenii Gavrikov, Diwash Ghimire, Marco Giammarchi, Nunzio Giudice, Maxim Gonchar, Guanda Gong, Guanghua Gong, Yuri Gornushkin, Marco Grassi, Maxim Gromov, Vasily Gromov, Minhao Gu, Xiaofei Gu, Yu Gu, Mengyun Guan, Yuduo Guan, Nunzio Guardone, Rosa Maria Guizzetti, Cong Guo, Wanlei Guo, Hajar Hacine, Caren Hagner, Hechong Han, Yang Han, Chuanhui Hao, Vidhya Thara Hariharan, Miao He, Wei He, Xinhai He, Ziou He, Tobias Heinz, Patrick Hellmuth, Yuekun Heng, Rafael Herrera, YuenKeung Hor, Shaojing Hou, Fatima Houria, Yee Hsiung, Bei-Zhen Hu, Jun Hu, Tao Hu, Guihong Huang, Jinhao Huang, Junlin Huang, Junting Huang, Kaixuan Huang, Shengheng Huang, Tao Huang, Xin Huang, Xingtao Huang, Yongbo Huang, Jiaqi Hui, Lei Huo, C\'edric Huss, Leonard Imbert, Ara Ioannisian, Adrienne Jacobi, Arshak Jafar, Beatrice Jelmini, Ignacio Jeria, Xiangpan Ji, Xiaolu Ji, Junji Jia, Cailian Jiang, Chengbo Jiang, Guangzheng Jiang, Junjie Jiang, Xiaoshan Jiang, Xiaozhao Jiang, Yijian Jiang, Yixuan Jiang, Xiaoping Jing, C\'ecile Jollet, Liam Jones, Narine Kazarian, Amina Khatun, Khanchai Khosonthongkee, Denis Korablev, Konstantin Kouzakov, Alexey Krasnoperov, Sergey Kuleshov, Sindhujha Kumaran, Nikolay Kutovskiy, Lo\"ic Labit, Tobias Lachenmaier, Haojing Lai, Cecilia Landini, Lorenzo Lastrucci, S\'ebastien Leblanc, Victor Lebrin, Matthieu Lecocq, Ruiting Lei, Rupert Leitner, Petr Lenskii, Demin Li, Fei Li, Gaosong Li, Jiajun Li, Meiou Li, Min Li, Nan Li, Ruhui Li, Rui Li, Shanfeng Li, Shuo Li, Teng Li, Weidong Li, Xiaonan Li, Yichen Li, Yifan Li, Yingke Li, Yufeng Li, Zhaohan Li, Zhibing Li, Zi-Ming Li, An-An Liang, Jiajun Liao, Minghua Liao, Yilin Liao, Ayut Limphirat, Bo-Chun Lin, Guey-Lin Lin, Shengxin Lin, Tao Lin, Xingyi Lin, Jiajie Ling, Xin Ling, Ivano Lippi, Caimei Liu, Fang Liu, Haidong Liu, Hongbang Liu, Hongjuan Liu, Jianglai Liu, Jiaxi Liu, Jinchang Liu, Kainan Liu, Min Liu, Qian Liu, Shenghui Liu, Shulin Liu, Ximing Liu, Xuewei Liu, Yankai Liu, Yiqi Liu, Zhipeng Liu, Zhuo Liu, Lorenzo Loi, Alexey Lokhov, Paolo Lombardi, Kai Loo, Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo, Haoqi Lu, Junguang Lu, Meishu Lu, Shuxiang Lu, Xianguo Lu, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim Lubsandorzhiev, Livia Ludhova, Arslan Lukanov, Fengjiao Luo, Guang Luo, Jianyi Luo, Shu Luo, Wuming Luo, Xiaojie Luo, Vladimir Lyashuk, Bangzheng Ma, Bing Ma, Qiumei Ma, Si Ma, Wing Yan Ma, Xiaoyan Ma, Xubo Ma, Jihane Maalmi, Jingyu Mai, Marco Malabarba, Yury Malyshkin, Roberto Carlos Mandujano, Fabio Mantovani, Stefano M. Mari, Agnese Martini, Johann Martyn, Matthias Mayer, Davit Mayilyan, Yue Meng, Anselmo Meregaglia, Lino Miramonti, Marta Colomer Molla, Michele Montuschi, Iwan Morton-Blake, Xiangyi Mu, Lakshmi Murgod, Massimiliano Nastasi, Dmitry V. Naumov, Elena Naumova, Igor Nemchenok, Elisabeth Neuerburg, Alexey Nikolaev, Feipeng Ning, Zhe Ning, Yujie Niu, Hiroshi Nunokawa, Lothar Oberauer, Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, Sebastian Olivares, Alexander Olshevskiy, Domizia Orestano, Fausto Ortica, Rainer Othegraven, Yifei Pan, Alessandro Paoloni, George Parker, Yatian Pei, Luca Pelicci, Anguo Peng, Yu Peng, Zhaoyuan Peng, Elisa Percalli, Willy Perrin, Fr\'ed\'eric Perrot, Fabrizio Petrucci, Oliver Pilarczyk, Artyom Popov, Pascal Poussot, Ezio Previtali, Fazhi Qi, Ming Qi, Sen Qian, Xiaohui Qian, Zhonghua Qin, Shoukang Qiu, Manhao Qu, Zhenning Qu, Gioacchino Ranucci, Reem Rasheed, Thomas Raymond, Alessandra Re, Abdel Rebii, Mariia Redchuk, Bin Ren, Yuhan Ren, Cristobal Morales Reveco, Barbara Ricci, Mariam Rifai, Mathieu Roche, Narongkiat Rodphai, Fernanda de Faria Rodrigues, Aldo Romani, Bed\v{r}ich Roskovec, Peter Rudakov, Arseniy Rybnikov, Andrey Sadovsky, Anut Sangka, Ujwal Santhosh, Utane Sawangwit, Michaela Schever, C\'edric Schwab, Konstantin Schweizer, Alexandr Selyunin, Andrea Serafini, Mariangela Settimo, Junyu Shao, Anurag Sharma, Vladislav Sharov, Hangyu Shi, Jingyan Shi, Yuan Shi, Hexi Shi, Yike Shu, Yuhan Shu, She Shuai, Vitaly Shutov, Andrey Sidorenkov, Randhir Singh, Apeksha Singhal, Chiara Sirignano, Jaruchit Siripak, Monica Sisti, Mikhail Smirnov, Oleg Smirnov, Thiago Sogo-Bezerra, Sergey Sokolov, Julanan Songwadhana, Albert Sotnikov, Achim Stahl, Luca Stanco, Konstantin Stankevich, Hans Steiger, Jochen Steinmann, Tobias Sterr, Matthias Raphael Stock, Virginia Strati, Mikhail Strizh, Alexander Studenikin, Aoqi Su, Jun Su, Guangbao Sun, Mingxia Sun, Xilei Sun, Yongzhao Sun, Zhengyang Sun, Narumon Suwonjandee, Fedor \v{S}imkovic, Christophe De La Taille, Akira Takenaka, Xiaohan Tan, Haozhong Tang, Jian Tang, Jingzhe Tang, Quan Tang, Xiao Tang, Yuxin Tian, Igor Tkachev, Tomas Tmej, Marco Danilo Claudio Torri, Andrea Triossi, Giancarlo Troni, Wladyslaw Trzaska, Andrei Tsaregorodtsev, Yu-Chen Tung, Cristina Tuve, Nikita Ushakov, Carlo Venettacci, Giuseppe Verde, Maxim Vialkov, Benoit Viaud, Vit Vorobel, Dmitriy Voronin, Lucia Votano, Pablo Walker, Caishen Wang, Chung-Hsiang Wang, En Wang, Hanwen Wang, Jiabin Wang, Jun Wang, Li Wang, Meng Wang, Meng Wang, Mingyuan Wang, Ruiguang Wang, Sibo Wang, Tianhong Wang, Wei Wang, Wenshuai Wang, Wenyuan Wang, Xi Wang, Yangfu Wang, Yaoguang Wang, Yi Wang, Yifang Wang, Yuyi Wang, Zhe Wang, Zheng Wang, Zhimin Wang, Apimook Watcharangkool, Junya Wei, Jushang Wei, Wei Wei, Wei Wei, Yuehuan Wei, Zhengbao Wei, Liangjian Wen, Jun Weng, Rosmarie Wirth, Bi Wu, Chengxin Wu, Qun Wu, Yinhui Wu, Zhaoxiang Wu, Zhi Wu, Michael Wurm, Jacques Wurtz, Dongmei Xia, Shishen Xian, Ziqian Xiang, Fei Xiao, Pengfei Xiao, Tianying Xiao, Xiang Xiao, Wei-Jun Xie, Xiaochuan Xie, Yuguang Xie, Zhizhong Xing, Benda Xu, Cheng Xu, Chuang Xu, Donglian Xu, Fanrong Xu, Jiayang Xu, Jilei Xu, Jinghuan Xu, Meihang Xu, Shiwen Xu, Xunjie Xu, Dongyang Xue, Jingqin Xue, Baojun Yan, Qiyu Yan, Taylor Yan, Xiongbo Yan, Changgen Yang, Chengfeng Yang, Fengfan Yang, Jie Yang, Kaiwei Yang, Lei Yang, Pengfei Yang, Xiaoyu Yang, Xuhui Yang, Yifan Yang, Zekun Yang, Haifeng Yao, Jiaxuan Ye, Mei Ye, Ziping Ye, Fr\'ed\'eric Yermia, Jilong Yin, Weiqing Yin, Xiaohao Yin, Zhengyun You, Boxiang Yu, Chiye Yu, Chunxu Yu, Hongzhao Yu, Peidong Yu, Simi Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Cenxi Yuan, Noman Zafar, Jilberto Zamora, Vitalii Zavadskyi, Fanrui Zeng, Shan Zeng, Tingxuan Zeng, Liang Zhan, Bin Zhang, Feiyang Zhang, Han Zhang, Hangchang Zhang, Haosen Zhang, Honghao Zhang, Jiawen Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jingbo Zhang, Junwei Zhang, Lei Zhang, Ping Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Rongping Zhang, Shiqi Zhang, Shuihan Zhang, Tao Zhang, Xiaomei Zhang, Xu Zhang, Xuantong Zhang, Yibing Zhang, Yinhong Zhang, Yiyu Zhang, Yongpeng Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yue Zhang, Yumei Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Zhicheng Zhang, Zhijian Zhang, Jie Zhao, Runze Zhao, Shujun Zhao, Yangheng Zheng, Li Zhou, Shun Zhou, Xiang Zhou, Xing Zhou, Jingsen Zhu, Kangfu Zhu, Kejun Zhu, Bo Zhuang, Honglin Zhuang, Jiaheng Zou
1 min read
Key Points
arXiv:2604.25835v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20-kton liquid scintillator-based, low-radioactivity, multi-purpose neutrino detector located 693 meters (1800 m.w.e.) underground in the Guangdong province, China. To detect scintillation light produced in the target, the detector is equipped with 17,612 20-inch photomultipliers (PMTs), forming the Large PMT system (LPMT).
arXiv:2604.25835v2 Announce Type: replace
Abstract: The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20-kton liquid scintillator-based, low-radioactivity, multi-purpose neutrino detector located 693 meters (1800 m.w.e.) underground in the Guangdong province, China. To detect scintillation light produced in the target, the detector is equipped with 17,612 20-inch photomultipliers (PMTs), forming the Large PMT system (LPMT). In addition, 25,600 3-inch photomultipliers (the Small Photomultiplier System or SPMT) are deployed in the gaps between the LPMTs.
This paper presents the design and performance of the underwater front-end electronics developed for the SPMT system. It details the individual electronics boards and their key components, the inter-board interfaces, the system-level design, and the firmware architecture that supports data acquisition and control. It also outlines mechanical and thermal integration, board validation procedures, and system performance metrics. The readout chain includes digitization of 128 PMT channels per unit, synchronized time-stamping, charge measurement, event packaging, and bandwidth management. Comprehensive validation confirms the system's readiness to meet JUNO's stringent physics goals. The underwater electronics achieve noise levels as low as 0.04 photoelectrons with minimal crosstalk (below 0.4%) and a bandwidth of 57 MB/s, ensuring reliable single photo-electron detection and operation under high-rate conditions. The SPMT system has now been fully integrated and installed in JUNO. Its commissioning and physics performance will be reported in a future publication.
Originally published by arXiv Physics
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