CART: Context-Aware Terrain Adaptation using Temporal Sequence Selection for Legged Robots

arXiv:2604.14344v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Animals in nature combine multiple modalities, such as sight and feel, to perceive terrain and develop an understanding of how to walk on uneven terrain in an efficient manner. Similarly, legged robots need to develop their ability to stably walk on complex terrains by developing an understanding of the relationship between vision and proprioception. Most current terrain-adaptation methods remain susceptible to failure on complex off-road terrain because they do not explicitly model the context between exteroceptive terrain appearance and proprioceptive physical interaction. This experience-based learning often creates a Visual-Texture Paradox between what has been seen and how it actually feels. In this work, we introduce CART, a high-level controller built on a context-aware terrain adaptation approach that integrates proprioception and exteroception from onboard sensing to achieve a robust understanding of terrain. We evaluate our method on multiple terrains using the Unitree Go2 and ANYmal-C robot on the IsaacSim simulator and a Boston Dynamics SPOT robot for our real-world experiments. To evaluate whether the learned context improves locomotion behavior under the various paradox circumstances, we measure the robot s stability, traversal success, and task completion time in both simulation and real-world experiments. We compare CART against state-of-the-art locomotion and terrain- adaptation baselines across diverse terrain conditions. CART improves the average success rate by 5% over the baselines in simulation, while improving context-conditioned locomotion behavior, including up to 41% lower base oscillation in simulation and 22% in the real world, without increasing the time required to complete the locomotion tasks.