AXON
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Related Articles from SNS
Ion channel and receptor-mediated regulation of axonal conduction reliability in sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) provide the sole spinal output to the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Although sympathetic control is traditionally attributed to synaptic integration within the spinal cord and ganglia, the reliability of spike propagation along SPN axons themselves has received little attention. Here, and in companion papers, we show that axonal conduction in adult mouse thoracic SPNs is highly modifiable and constitutes a critical site of sympathetic gain...
PAD2 knockout reduces myelin protein aggregates, modulates neuroinflammation and protects motor neurons, axons and neuromuscular junction in a SOD1-ALS mouse model
Background: Dysregulated peptidyl deiminase 2 (PAD2) and aberrant protein citrullination (PC), a posttranslational modification (PTM), are involved in various inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We previously showed in transgenic mice and postmortem human tissues that PC and PAD2 are altered in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neurons loss, paralysis, and death. Herein, we investigated the role of PAD2 in ALS by PAD2 knockout in...
Netrin-1 drives cell-type-specific plasticity of human dopaminergic neurons during circuit integration in a Parkinsonian model
The survival of transplanted ventral midbrain (vm) dopaminergic neurons (DAn) and their innervation of host striatal tissue are crucial for ameliorating motor symptoms in Parkinson`s disease (PD). However, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) show inferior axonal plasticity compared to fetal donor tissue. While modulation of the host environment with trophic cues, such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), can improve graft outcomes, these cues lack specificity for DAn, resulting...
Connectional neuroanatomy of U-fibers in the rhesus monkey brain
The superficial white matter (SWM), the region of white matter immediately beneath the gray matter-white matter (GM-WM) border, contains short cortico-cortical association fibers that interconnect neighboring cortical regions. The SWM is estimated to comprise the majority of axons in the cerebral white matter and is thus thought to play a major role in cortical information processing. Despite this prominence, and growing attention in the diffusion MRI field, the connectional organization of...
The length and time constants of propagating action potentials
Length and time constants are foundational to the study of conduction in neurons and other biological cables but are exactly defined only for passive membranes. Here we define and derive exact length and time constants for propagating action potentials in unmyelinated axons. This derivation exploits specific instants during action potential conduction when the net transmembrane ionic current is zero, but axial current remains non-zero.
Whole-genome duplication shaped cell-type evolution in the vertebrate brain
Abstract The complex brains of vertebrates have more cell types than those of their closest relatives. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) occurred during early vertebrate evolution1, but it is unclear whether the duplicated genes (ohnologues) facilitated cell-type evolution. Here using brain single-cell transcriptomes from five chordates—human2, mouse3, lizard4, lamprey5 and amphioxus—we report that many cell-type families with conserved core transcription factors in vertebrates do not show...
Learning to See via Epiretinal Implant Stimulation in silico with Model-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning
arXiv:2606.03118v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Objective: Diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa cause the degradation of the photoreceptor layer. One approach to restore vision is to electrically stimulate the surviving retinal ganglion cells with a microelectrode array such as epiretinal implants.
Supportive Token Revealing for Fast Diffusion Language Model Decoding
arXiv:2606.04236v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Discrete diffusion language models can generate text efficiently by updating multiple masked positions in parallel, but this parallelism introduces a quality-latency trade-off. Aggressive decoding may commit mutually dependent tokens too early, while conservative decoding requires many denoising steps. Existing methods address this tension by deciding which tokens are safe to reveal using confidence or dependency criteria.
Mitochondria directly interact with the nuclear pore complex
Abstract Mitochondria regulate cellular processes through direct and indirect interactions with other organelles. A well-studied example has been contact with the endoplasmic reticulum at mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes1, which control pathways including redox and calcium homeostasis2,3. Recent studies have also reported direct mitochondria–nuclear membrane contacts in cancer cells and yeast that promote pro-survival signalling4,5.
Connectivity Logic of Dendritic Spines in Cortex: Increased Inputs and Ensemble Formation
Dendritic spines, small protrusions covering the dendrites of most neurons, are fundamental elements of synaptic connectivity, yet their network-level organization remains poorly understood. Here we leverage the large-scale MICrONS volumetric electron microscopy dataset of mouse primary visual cortex to explore the connectivity logic of dendritic spines across multiple spatial scales. Our analysis provides structural support for the ``connectivity and diversity'' hypothesis, showing that,...