Cortex
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Related Articles from SNS
Bacteroides fragilis modulates gut microbiome community composition, frontal cortex gene expression, and fecal and frontal cortex metabolites in a mouse model of Alzheimers disease pathologies
Alzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia among elderly. Gut microbiome alterations precede pathogenesis and may affect disease outcomes. We evaluated the role of Bacteroides fragilis in triple transgenic mice modeling AD pathologies (3xTg-AD) and wild-type controls (WT).
Neural synchrony between prefrontal and visual cortex supports visual working memory
Working memory appears to depend on neural mechanisms that are distributed across the brain. Specifically, neural activity persists in the prefrontal cortex while memories are maintained, and at the same time, the visual contents of memory can be precisely decoded from the patterns of activity in visual cortex. Contemporary models attempt to account for these findings by positing that higher-order areas, like prefrontal cortex, somehow control memory storage by recruiting encoding mechanisms...
Bacillus subtilis YpeB holds SleB inactive preventing cortex peptidoglycan degradation during spore dormancy
Bacterial endospores are encased in a thick layer of specialized peptidoglycan called the cortex that is essential for core dehydration and heat resistance. Spore germination and outgrowth requires cortex degradation by enzymes that are deposited in the spore during sporulation. How these enzymes are held inactive during dormancy and activated during germination remains poorly understood.
Robust learning-driven structural and functional plasticity of spines in the mature mouse cortex
Spines in the adult cortex are thought to be highly stable, and that their capacity for modest remodeling supports learning. Using a visual association task and a multilevel imaging approach in adult mice, we found a robust learning-driven increase in the complexity of spine nanostructure, as well as a rapid and persistent increase in spine formation during task acquisition that were accompanied by an overall reduction in spine size of layer 2/3 neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1)....
Theta gates and routes information in the frontal cortex
Theta (4-10 Hz) oscillations seem well-suited for coordinating neural activity. Many studies have focused on theta's role in long-range coordination across brain regions (e.g., connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus). It remains unclear how theta coordinates neural activity more locally within prefrontal subareas.
Supervised Training Rapidly Degrades Early Visual Cortex Alignment Across Biologically Plausible Learning Rules
Announce Type: new Abstract: Random, untrained neural networks consistently match or exceed trained networks in representational similarity to early visual cortex. This puzzling finding challenges the assumption that learning improves brain alignment. We investigate it by tracking representational similarity analysis (RSA) alignment to human fMRI data across training for four learning rules: backpropagation (BP), feedback alignment (FA), predictive coding (PC), and spike-timing-dependent...
Distance Mapping and Variable-Specific Geometry of Goal-Relevant Frames in the Retrosplenial Cortex
Goal-directed navigation requires animals to continuously update their position relative to an unmarked goal. Here, we recorded retrosplenial cortex (RSC) activity in freely moving rats during goal-directed navigation and random foraging. We found that RSC neurons encoded the Euclidean distance to the goal, and that this distance representation was selectively biased toward the goal during navigation.
Repetition Selectively Reconfigures Offset-Defined Temporal Integration in Auditory Cortex
Auditory perception requires integrating sound over time, but whether cortical integration windows are fixed or adaptively shaped by recent sensory history remains unclear. Because auditory offset responses are shaped by the temporal structure preceding sound termination, they provide a readout of offset-defined temporal integration. Here, we recorded single-unit activity in awake rat auditory cortex while presenting 512-ms click trains with inter-click intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 ms.
Connectivity Logic of Dendritic Spines in Cortex: Increased Inputs and Ensemble Formation
Dendritic spines, small protrusions covering the dendrites of most neurons, are fundamental elements of synaptic connectivity, yet their network-level organization remains poorly understood. Here we leverage the large-scale MICrONS volumetric electron microscopy dataset of mouse primary visual cortex to explore the connectivity logic of dendritic spines across multiple spatial scales. Our analysis provides structural support for the ``connectivity and diversity'' hypothesis, showing that,...
Spontaneous and stimulus-driven arousal produce distinct acetylcholine dynamics across sensory and prefrontal cortex
Acetylcholine (ACh) release from the basal forebrain has traditionally been viewed as a slow, spatially diffuse signal regulating cortical arousal across sleep and wakefulness. Recent characterizations with higher resolution optical sensors have revealed rapid, local cholinergic modulation supporting dynamic changes in sensory processing, associative learning, and behavioral state. However, sensory events that recruit cortical ACh often also change arousal and evoke movements, making it...