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Linguistic Variation

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Same Patient, Different Words, Different Diagnosis? Evaluating Semantic Stability in Clinical LLMs

Announce Type: new Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in clinical applications. However, their behavior remains highly sensitive to subtle linguistic variations, such as rephrasing or syntactic variation. This sensitivity poses risks in safety-critical healthcare settings, where semantically equivalent inputs should produce consistent predictions.

arXiv CS 9d ago

Retrieval-Augmented Linguistic Calibration

arXiv:2605.19344v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Linguistic cues such as "I believe" and "probably" offer an intuitive interface for communicating confidence, yet a generalisable, principled calibration framework for linguistic confidence expressions remains underexplored. In particular, co-occurring linguistic cues, contextual variation, and subjective audience interpretation pose unique challenges. We therefore model linguistic confidence as a distribution over plausible perceived...

arXiv CS 8d ago

Less is Enough: Synthesizing Diverse Data in LLM Feature Space with Sparse Autoencoders

Announce Type: replace Abstract: The diversity of post-training data is critical for effective downstream performance in large language models (LLMs). Many existing approaches to constructing post-training data quantify diversity using text-based metrics that capture linguistic variation, but such metrics provide only weak signals for the task-relevant features that determine downstream performance. In this work, we introduce Feature Activation Coverage (FAC) which measures data diversity in...

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CARTE: A Benchmark for Mapping Language Model Knowledge Across France

Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce CARTE 1 (Culturally Anchored Regional-Territorial Evaluation), a multiplechoice benchmark for evaluating the ability of large language models (LLMs) to perform fine-grained reasoning over geographically grounded and regionally differentiated knowledge within France. While prior benchmarks focus on national-level cultural understanding, they largely overlook intra-country variation and the need to distinguish between closely related regional contexts....

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Lost in Speech: Benchmarking, Evaluation, and Parsing of Spoken Bilingual Conversational Language Beyond Standard UD Assumptions

arXiv:2602.06307v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Spoken bilingual conversations pose substantial challenges for syntactic parsing because they often include disfluencies and discourse-driven structures that complicate dependency parsing under standard Universal Dependencies (UD) assumptions and evaluation practices. To systematically study these challenges, in this work, we first introduce a linguistically grounded taxonomy of conversational bilingual phenomena, together with SpokeBench,...

arXiv CS 1d ago

Interpreting Brain Responses to Language with Sparse Features from Language Models

arXiv:2606.06857v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: A central goal of cognitive neuroscience is to characterize the features that are represented by human language cortex. Artificial language models (LMs) have emerged as a powerful tool to address this challenge, but studies relating biological and artificial representations are often criticized as relating one black box to another. The present work introduces Augmented Sparse Encoding Models, an encoding framework that replaces dense LM hidden...

arXiv CS 2d ago

The Latin Substrate: How Language Models Represent and Mediate Script Choice

arXiv:2605.31363v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Many languages are written in multiple scripts, requiring large language models (LLMs) to generate equivalent linguistic content in distinct orthographic forms. While prior work suggests that LLMs route information through shared latent representations, how they internally mediate script variation remains poorly understood. We study this question by first examining per-layer output distributions with the logit lens, which reveals consistent...

arXiv CS 9d ago

Do Large Language Models Encode Institutional Experience? Evidence from Cross-Linguistic Moral Reasoning Under Ambiguity

Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) exhibit systematic differences in moral reasoning across languages, yet the source of this variation remains unclear. We test the hypothesis that languages encode aspects of the institutional environments in which they are spoken, allowing LLMs to inherit institution-specific moral priors through training. Across nine languages spanning a broad gradient of institutional quality, six frontier LLMs, and two preregistered studies, we...

arXiv CS 9d ago

ChinaHeritaQA: A Culturally-Grounded Visual Question Answering Dataset for World Heritage Sites in China

arXiv:2606.08959v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We introduce ChinaHeritaQA, a multimodal benchmark dataset for evaluating the cultural reasoning abilities of vision-language models (VLMs) on UNESCO World Heritage sites in China. The dataset comprises 2,279 in-the-wild images paired with 14,133 bilingual (Chinese/English) multiple-choice QA pairs spanning seven cognitive dimensions, from basic identity recognition to historical periodization and architectural analysis. Guided by a...

arXiv CS 1d ago

Quantifying Faithful Confidence Expression in Large Reasoning Models

Announce Type: new Abstract: Reliable uncertainty communication is critical to the trustworthiness of LLMs, yet faithful calibration (FC)--the alignment between models' intrinsic and (linguistically) expressed confidence--is a persistent failure mode. This challenge is key for large reasoning models (LRMs), whose extended reasoning traces are often interpreted by users as evidence of deliberation, competence, and confidence. Despite the importance of FC and wide usage of LRMs, the extent to...

arXiv CS 7d ago