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Whole-genome duplication shaped cell-type evolution in the vertebrate brain
Abstract The complex brains of vertebrates have more cell types than those of their closest relatives. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) occurred during early vertebrate evolution1, but it is unclear whether the duplicated genes (ohnologues) facilitated cell-type evolution. Here using brain single-cell transcriptomes from five chordates—human2, mouse3, lizard4, lamprey5 and amphioxus—we report that many cell-type families with conserved core transcription factors in vertebrates do not show...
Balancing of immune activation and suppression during phage infection
Signaling-based anti-bacteriophage systems such as CBASS and Thoeris synthesize infection-triggered nucleotide signals that activate anti-phage effectors. However, the phage features sensed by these systems and the mechanisms phages use to evade signaling immunity remain poorly understood. Here, studying clinically relevant Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages from the Migulavirinae family, we show that closely related phages encode subtle allelic variation in side tail fiber proteins that...
Epigenetic Patterns of Xylanibacter ruminicola in Bovine Rumen Across Seasons and Pregnancy
Ruminants obtain nutrients through the microbial fermentation of plant material in the rumen. Xylanibacter ruminicola is a highly abundant bacterial species in the rumen. During fermentation, X. ruminicola utilizes diverse carbohydrates from plant materials to synthesize propionate, a volatile fatty acid providing energy to ruminants.