Pieridae
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Enemies, more than sex, shape butterfly post-mating odor evolution
Not all odors influencing mating behavior evolve as sex pheromones. Female butterflies' post-mating odors have been considered species-specific anti-aphrodisiac pheromones shaped by sexual selection but may also serve broader ecological roles shaped by natural selection. Males transfer odors to females that repel rivals, yet the widespread use of these compounds across phyla makes them targets for eavesdropping, such as by phoretic egg parasitoids.