Lipidated ApoE is found in nanoscale proximity to Aβ aggregates in human Alzheimer brains.

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) associates with amyloid plaques A{beta} in Alzheimer disease (AD). The {epsilon}4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE{epsilon}4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD and exacerbates A{beta} plaque burden relative to APOE{epsilon}3 and APOE{epsilon}2. The majority of ApoE associates with multiple lipid classes to form lipoproteins both in the brain and the periphery. However, the lipidation status of A{beta} plaque-associated ApoE is not yet fully defined. Here, we use fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy coupled with Forster resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) to determine the lipidation status of ApoE in plaques, as well as the nanoscale spatial proximity of ApoE and A{beta} to anionic lipids and cholesterol within human AD brain tissue. We demonstrate that lipids are in close nanoscale proximity to ApoE and A{beta} within A{beta} plaques. Our results reveal that lipidated ApoE complexes enriched in anionic lipids and cholesterol are core constituents of AD plaques in-situ. We propose a pathological mechanism in which the surface presentation of anionic lipids on ApoE lipoproteins facilitates initial interaction with and subsequent aggregation of A{beta}.