Coupled intracellular redox and extracellular respiration sensing for quantitative oxidative stress profiling

Abstract Quantitative assessment of cellular oxidative stress requires simultaneous measurement of intracellular redox state and extracellular respiratory activity, yet integrated sensing approaches remain limited. Here, we present a dual fluorescent sensing platform combining a genetically encoded redox biosensor (roGFP2-Tsa2{Delta}CR) with an optical oxygen sensor embedded in microwell plates for parallel, noninvasive quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in industrial yeast systems. The roGFP2-based sensor was stably expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and Yarrowia lipolytica (Y. lipolytica), enabling dynamic monitoring of oxidative stress at population, single cell, and subcellular levels, while oxygen-sensitive films provided real-time respiration measurements. Using this platform, we identified distinct redox respiration phenotypes between the two yeasts. Crabtree-positive S. cerevisiae exhibited low OCR and mitochondrial ROS during glucose cultivation, whereas growth on glycerol increased OCR and mitochondrial ROS by ~2.5-fold and 12%, respectively. In contrast, the obligate respiratory yeast Y. lipolytica displayed 3-fold higher OCR and 16% lower mitochondrial ROS than respiring S. cerevisiae, indicating differences in respiratory oxidative burden. Antimycin A treatment reduced OCR by 60% in respiring S. cerevisiae while increasing mitochondrial ROS by 35%, whereas Y. lipolytica showed greater resistance to respiratory and oxidative perturbations. By integrating intracellular redox sensing with extracellular oxygen measurements, this platform enables quantitative coupling of redox state and respiration in living cells. The approach provides a scalable framework for evaluating cellular fitness, stress tolerance, and metabolic state in biomanufacturing and synthetic biology. Keywords: Reactive oxygen species, genetically encoded sensor, dissolved oxygen sensor, and biomanufacturing